A small science lesson about insulation:

Heat moves from warmer areas to colder areas. This is the single basic principle on which the idea of insulation is based. On hot days heat tries to get inside your house and on cold days the heat tries to escape. Insulation seeks to minimise this ebb and flow of temperature by slowing the process.

Unfortunately no matter how good your home insulation is, any building always needs a constant supply from a heat generating source to maintain a steady temperature. Of course however, if you have good insulation then you will need much less heat and thus a lot less energy to achieve the same effect.

Most of us learned in GCSE science about conduction convection and radiation.
Here is a brief summary of each to refresh every ones memory.

Conduction
This is the process that heat flows through or along one material and into another. This is done through molecular transportation. To do this, the materials must be in contact with each other. This conduction happens with all things of liquid, solid or gas substances but that rate at which it happens greatly varies depending on the substance and its state i.e. if it is a good conductor or a bad conductor. Good metal conductors include gold, silver and copper down to the worst conductors like wood and THERMAL INSULATING MATERIALS.
Gases and liquids are also bad conductors BUT are prone to the other, convection.

Convection
The requirement for solids to lose or gain heat by this process it must be in contact with the liquid. Convection happens when a change in temperature happens in parts of the fluid thus causing the liquids density to alter. This is called ‘natural convection‘. If the fluid in instead displaced and accelerated by wind or artificial factors then it is called ‘forced convection’. In forced convection the process of convection can be increased substantially.

Radiation
This is how heat is emitted from a body and transmitted across a space as energy. This kind of radiation is similar to radio and light waves. It does not even need air in between for it to happen, and works just as well in a vacuum. Every solid body emits energy but the rate of emission all depends on three different things:

Distance between surfaces
The emissive of the surfaces (shiny and light/matt and dark)
Temperature differences between receiving and radiating surfaces

House insulation
The application of thermal insulation does not have the effect of generating heat in your house. It is still always the rule that you will have to supply heat from an inside source. There may be a rise in temperature inside the building after the installation of insulation but that will be down to the better performance and energy saving properties of better house insulation.

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The last thing any homeowner wants is to pay out large sums of money to upgrade the home’s HVAC system, however, with the extreme temperatures that the middle of winter or summer bring, many homeowner’s direct their attention to the heating or cooling abilities of the current HVAC system. Before considering incurring the large expense of installing a more efficient and powerful heat pump or even a furnace, the homeowner needs to make sure that the house envelope is sealed well.

This means that the doors and windows should not leak and the insulation should be adequate to prevent the transfer of heat into or out of the interior of the home. Many homes however, can not claim to have the proper amount of insulation or properly installed insulation. While the insulation within the walls can be improved with loose fill being blown into the walls, the attic should be of greater concern.

Because heat rises, heat loss during the winter months is a major concern. Improper insulation in the attic accounts for having the heating system cycle on more frequently due to the loss of heat. Rather than piling on more insulation over the existing insulation in the attic, which can cause moisture and mold problems during the summer months, adding a radiant barrier is the quickest, safest, and most economical method to combat heat loss.

A radiant barrier acts, much like aluminum foil does when wrapped around a hot roll. It prevents rapid heat loss ensuring the inside stays warm. The results of properly installing a radiant barrier should be the retention of warmer air within the living quarters. When the heating cycle of the HVAC system kicks on, the intake will already have a warmer source of air with which to heat. The wear and tear on the air handler will be reduced and there should be longer time periods between the cycling of each heating cycle.

Providing a warm and comfortable atmosphere is what a radiant barrier can provide. Saving money through less wear and tear on the heating and cooling system and repair calls will save money. The less time the air handler and heat pump need to cycle on and off can yield savings better spent elsewhere instead of the utility bill. It really is a win-win solution for the homeowner to install a radiant barrier.

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Building insulation is done for a variety of reasons. Primarily we associate it with thermal insulation but the fact is there are other reasons such as for example blocking sound and vibration transmission, fire protection and impact damages etc. why different types of insulations are used. Out of all these, weaknesses in thermal insulation hit everyone harder because it affects their home economy consistently.

What Insulation is best for my home?

All buildings are not the same .Neither are they located in a particular single geographical region. Their needs too may differ, for example whether it’s heating or cooling that you require or whether it’s both. (In which case which requirement prevails longer).The following information gives a better idea to plan this out.

• Climate prevailing at the site
• Space temperature you would be happy with.(low temperature setting will cause lesser loss of heat)
• Suitability, acceptability (by local regulations etc) and the convenience to insulate.
• Life span and durability (some are susceptible to moisture, material may settle soon and loose profile, may deteriorate faster etc.)
• Mode of heat transfer (whether conduction , convection or radiation is prevailing more)
• Building architectural design, orientation, use of glass in the building envelope etc. (for example whether outsulation is possible, air tightness, vapour permeability, forced or passive ventilation, possibility to use low-e insulated glass etc).
• Toxicity of the material (short term or long term)
• Sustainability, Carbon foot print, environmental friendliness and ability to recycle.

Insulation options

The types of building insulation may be broadly divided as;

• Structural
• and, Non-structural

Non Structural building Insulations

The following is a cross section of the types of insulation material available for retrofitters and new builders.

• Blankets and rigid boards with or without kraft paper/aluminium foil vapor barriers- (e.g. Fibreglass wool, rock wool, slag wool etc)
• Batts of Insulation -(e.g. Fibreglass, mineral wools etc)
• Loose Fill insulation – (e.g. Fibreglass wool, slag wool, rock wool, cellulosic material such as recycled paper, cotton wool, vermiculite etc.)
• Sprayed foams – (e.g, Polyurethane foams, expanded polystyrene foam etc.)
• Reflective Insulation and radiant barriers- (e.g. stand alone kraft paper backed aluminium foil or plain aluminium foil etc.)

Structural Building insulations

• Rigid Panels – (e.g. composite Outsulation of EPS with finishes, dry walls etc.)
• Structured Panels (e.g. compressed straw panels etc.)
• Straw bales (e.g. tightly bundled straw finished with masonry plaster)

When you are thinking of building insulation (whether a new construction or a retrofit job) paying careful attention may not be a wasteful exercise. After all proper building insulation may be the difference of up to 30% of your home heating bill. Avoiding thermal bridges (continuous direct paths for heat transfer from indoor to out door) in the building envelope is equally important. As the currently effective HES scheme of SEI reimburses significant amounts against retrofit thermal insulation expenditure it is best to look in to this as well.

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Whether it’s new construction or improving the existing insulation on a completed home, there are a lot of different types of insulation materials from which to choose. Not all insulation is created equal though and not all insulation can be used on existing completed structures. Proper insulation will lower your monthly heating costs and cooling costs, but you must know how to shop for the right material.

The most commonly used insulation has been the traditional fiberglass batting that can be found in any brick and mortar home improvement store. Some home improvement stores even carry polyiso foam board insulation. Concrete insulation is not as common or as inexpensive as other types and is used while building new construction. SIPS or structural insulated panels are a relatively new and highly effective type of insulated wall, but is only used for new construction as well. Loose fill insulation is blown into wall cavities and is commonly found in attic spaces or walls. Each of these types of insulating materials will reduce costs. You need to check the "R" factor that is listed on the insulation to determine how efficient it is. The higher the R-Factor, the more efficient the material is and the lower your monthly air conditioning bill should be.

The last two types of insulation have become quite common and beneficial, especially for use in completed existing structures. Polyurethane spray foam insulation is commonly used in walls and ceilings, and are excellent for filling in irregular wall cavities. Radiant barriers and reflective foils are used quite frequently to drastically reduce heat transfer through attics, ceilings, and floors. Radiant barriers like Temper Shield help to regulate the temperature in the living quarters during the summer months and greatly reduce the loss of heat from the interior of the home during the winter months. This translates to more even temperatures and lower utility costs throughout the year.

Only fiberglass batting, spray foam, polyiso boards, and radiant barrier films are able to be considered do-it-yourself methods of insulation. However, it is only recommended for small areas should the homeowner decide to attempt the installation themselves. For larger areas or higher volume spaces, obtaining the services of a professional installer is highly recommended to ensure proper installation. This will guarantee maximum insulation benefits and maximum savings as well as a quick and frustration-free time for the homeowner.

Having a home energy audit performed is always a good method to identify where the worst and poorly insulated areas of a home are located. Once the results are learned, then the homeowner will be in a better position to determine the best type of insulation to have installed. Once that is done, the savings on fuel and electricity for heating and cooling a home will be realized over the expense of investing in the family’s home and comfort.

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Thermal Spray Foam Insulation is used in buildings, and refers to the application of thermal insulated materials, which are applied using various spraying methods, into a roof space or wall cavity to prevent heat loss.

The application of this process is normally completed within two days. Thermal spray foam insulation does not particularly address ventilation or sound proofing issues. It simply refers to the insulating materials being used to slow heat loss. The effectiveness of it is usually evaluated by its R-value, but this does not take into account construction or local environment factors. Thermal spray foam insulation is easy to apply. Foam insulation is sprayed onto or into the underside of the roof within the attic/loft space, and dries to a rigid foam.

Thermal spray foam insulation is an important factor to achieving thermal comfort for the buildings occupants, and thermal spray foam insulation reduces unwanted heat loss, and reduces the energy requirements of cooling and heating systems. Thermal spray foam insulation simply refers to the insulating materials being used to slow heat loss.

One of the most effective types of insulation spray is polyurethane foam, which has been specifically formulated for use within the insulation industry.

This type of foam is a very cost effective insulation material, and works in two ways by keeping the desired space or area warm in winter and cool in the summer. It can also help with the problems that arise from condensation, and is an ideal solution for ambient and cold storage.

Polyurethane foam is easy to apply, lightweight in structure and can cover large areas quickly and efficiently, making it a very cost effective solution for many commercial requirements.

The application of foam spray uses a rigid polyurethane foam which sprays to a fine cellular structure with high compressive strength and good adhesion and insulating qualities. Many of these foam spraying techniques and materials do not contain or use any CFCs.

Thermal spray foam insulation will adhere to most structures and other materials such as fibre, sheet metal, cement, asbestos sheeting, concrete and steel. When sprayed it can expand to over thirty times it thickness. It is lightweight in structure, weighing only three kilos per square metre at a depth of fifty millimetres. (approx)

Insulating a building with this method will help to keep it warm in the summer and cool in the winter, reducing temperature control costs and providing a dry and comfortable environment for staff and workforce, and controlled storage for stock and materials.

Thermal spray insulation can offer the following benefits:

• Domestic installations can be carried out within a day
• Stop leaking roofs
• No need to re-roof
• Reduced carbon footprint.

Spray insulation is widely used in the domestic, agricultural, marine, and commercial industries.

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Home insulation grants are backed up by the UK government. The funds allocated by the grants are not required to be repaid. Grants are available from varied sources from the government to government supported organisations. An insulation grant scheme is arranged by the EnergyLink which is a part of the government’s new energy saving program viz., Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT). Other than the EnergyLink, some local utility companies, insulation materials manufacturers or other types of insulation service providers also offer similar thermal insulation funding schemes.

The thermal insulation grants are available on meeting some conditions pertinent to the property conditions, householders’ age, work and entitlement to certain benefits. Almost any householders can be eligible for any type of grants for cavity wall insulation and loft insulation. Privately rented properties are also entitled to these grants where the landlord’s approval for installing insulation is granted to the householders. Householders can claim at least 40% to maximum 70% regardless of their salary structure for insulating loft or cavity walls. However, if any householders have requirement for full cavity or loft insulation grants they are needed to produce evidence in support of receiving of benefits, pensions or tax credits that are -

Attendance Allowance

Child Tax Credit where annual income of householders does not exceed 15,460

Council Tax Credit including the document to evidence a disability premium

Disability Living Allowance

Disability Pension

Housing Benefit inclusive of a document for a disability premium

Income Support plus the paper for a disability premium

Income-based Job Seekers Allowance

State Pension Credit

War Disablement Pension in which a mobility supplement or Constant Attendance Allowance is included

Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit which must includes a mobility supplement or Constant Attendance Allowance

Working Family Tax Credit where per year income does not exceed 15,460

The insulation grants scheme intended for cavity wall insulation can reduce heat loss of about 35% through porous walls and when intended for loft insulation, can prevent heat wastage around 25% from the roof.

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We have all seen images of matter entering the Earth’s atmosphere leaving a flaming trail in its wake. The intensity of the heat created during the launch and re-entry of a space shuttle requires levels of thermal insulation beyond anything we use on Earth, and as you can imagine, there are special requirements for space insulation. The realities of having a space ship which was equipped with poor quality thermal insulation were made tragically clear in 2003 as the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon re entry, killing all seven crew members. So what are the differences between earthly and out of this world thermal insulation?

Well, in space, the sun’s heat cannot be attenuated as there is no atmosphere, which means heat cannot be conducted to other objects and convective heat transfers cannot occur either. Consequently, the surfaces of a space shuttle will heat up extremely quickly and to an unbearable level. Thermal insulation in the form of special paint or a gold foil substance is attached to the outer surfaces of the shuttle to reduce the amount of heat entering the space ship. Insulating materials are also necessary around heat producing components such as the fuel tanks. However, the materials cannot be thick or heavy as extra mass attached to a shuttle during launch adds extra costs onto the mission, very large costs.

Pressure levels in space and during launch and re entry are immense, and materials used in the space ship need to be extremely strong and able to resist break up. The nose cone is often made from reinforced carbon-carbon composite whilst the tiles that cover the surface of the shuttle are silica. The properties of these materials are strong enough to withhold the stresses put on the vehicle, withholding astronomical temperatures and pressure.

Unfortunately, the best example to use which demonstrates why thermal insulation is so important in space exploration is the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Columbia was NASA’s first space worthy shuttle in its orbital fleet. The first mission was launched on April 12 1981 and lasted two days. The shuttle made 26 successful subsequent missions into space, launching satellites, taking pictures of the universe and Earth, and servicing the Hubble Space telescope in its later years.

On 1 February, 2003, after a 16 day scientific mission, its 28th in total, Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during re entry and all seven crew members perished. The formal investigation of the craft debris found over an area in Texas, reported that a piece of thermal insulation had peeled away from the fuel tank during take off, causing a hole to be punctured in one of the wings. This structural problem led to the disintegration of the whole shuttle as it could no longer withstand the pressure put on it as it re entered the Earth’s atmosphere.

This tragic reminder of how vital proper thermal insulation is in space will not be forgotten by NASA or any other organisations in the space exploration community. Engineers are developing new materials and structures for thermal insulation all the time, and maybe one day our homes will have space age thermal insulation.

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Thermal Insulation Boards are manufactured from different types of thermal insulating material. They are sheets which have insulating qualities, and are placed into buildings where heat loss can be a problem, causing unnecessary economical costs.

They are available in many different sizes, and can be simply cut to fit the desired space, then laid, glued, or fixed into place with the appropriate fixings i.e. nails or screws. Insulation boards are made from various insulating materials, and very commonly manufactured using rigid insulating foam with a thin sheet of reflecting foil adhered to one or both sides.

The areas of a building usually requiring thermal boards or similar insulation applications are the roof, floor and exterior walls. They are generally fixed into the building at the time of construction; however boards are generally not fitted into floors or roofs, and can be applied later on in the buildings development if so desired.

In many buildings and particularly in the housing sector, solid timber in the form of head rails, studs, and sole plates, as well as intermediate floor joists and trimmers, will usually account for more than 20% of the external surface area of the building. This means that quite often less than 80% of the building is actually insulated.

Recent modern methods of construction have seen a rise in the popularity of steel framed buildings for commercial and residential developments. This is because the framed panels are constructed off-site and then transported to the location where they are erected.

To reduce heat loss a thermal insulating layer, typically some form of insulating board, is placed on the outside of the frame to eliminate thermal bridging through the metal studs. This is known as warm frame construction.

There are many different types of insulation boards and some of these can include:

Underfloor

Wall

Roof & Ceiling

Exterior wall

Exterior roof insulation boards & sheets

With today’s changing climate, offsetting and minimizing any carbon footprint by saving energy is becoming a popular and necessary action to take.

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Thermal insulation can be expensive to install, especially if it involves an structural changes. However, the benefits far outweigh the initial costs in terms of price, comfort and the environment. Most new houses are built with thermal insulation already installed, however there are many that remain without any form of insulating materials or those they do have are in need of replacing. Twenty to thirty years is the average period that thermal insulation stays at its optimum performance levels, after this you may need to replace your existing insulation however the materials may still be working well.

If you don’t have thermal insulation in your house or are thinking about leaving the old stuff instead of replacing it, I would like to provide you with four reasons to install thermal insulation. These are the four Es;
Energy Efficient
Expense
Equal Temperatures
Easy Living

These four factors will make you realize that your home needs insulating and you will be persuaded to install it in your property.

Thermal insulation is energy efficient because it reduces the need for heating and cooling products around the home, saving on gas and electricity throughout the year. The production techniques involved in making modern insulating materials has a lower impact on the environment than the machines and gadgets used to heat and cool our homes as well.

Because you will have less need for the central heating system to be on or to have air conditioning in use during hotter seasons, you will also be saving a lot of money as well as saving the planet. Your gas and electricity bills will fall in price because your house will be a more regulated temperature throughout the year.

All this sounds pretty good right? But what makes thermal insulation so great that we no longer need our heating and cooling equipment? Well, put simply, it regulates the temperature in each room of the house so that the heat remains the same vertically and horizontally. By that I mean that your head will not be any colder than your ankles and the inside of every room will not be affected by what temperature it is on the outside of your windows and doors. So when it is baking hot in summer your living room will remain cool, and in the winter the snow building up outside your door will not make your living room any colder.

As well as saving you money and making the temperature of your house more enjoyable, your living environment will also be more comfortable because noise entering your house will be reduced. Thermal insulation in your walls can dramatically lower the amount of noise you hear from outside your home, like road and street noise, as well as reducing the vibrations and muffled sounds coming from other rooms in your house. This is especially good if you have a wannabe rock star in your family who insists on practicing the drums all day, every day.

So, with thermal insulation you can reduce your gas and electricity bills, help lower your carbon footprint and enjoy a more comfortable living environment with less temperature changes and lower noise levels entering your room. With all of these benefits, why wouldn’t you want to install thermal insulation in your home?

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Bricks and concrete are very good a keeping house strong and upright, but they tend not to be very good at keeping heat in. This was not so much of a problem in the past but in these days of environmental awareness and fluctuating energy prices, we all have to take steps to make our homes more energy efficient. Once you decide that you need to insulate your walls you have a choice between internal, cavity and external insulation.

We focus on external thermal insulation because we believe it is technically the best system on the market. Simply put external insulation is just like putting a warming blanket around your home. We encase the outside of your property in a layer of insulation and finish it with your choice of colour and render.

The reason for doing that is to stop the 35%- 45% of your heating bill that is lost via the walls. By insulating the walls you can trap all that heat in the walls. By trapping all that heat you can cut your heating bills and play your part in saving the environment. Estimates by the British Energy Saving Trust suggest a saving of over 2 tonnes of carbon dioxide for a standard 3 bed semi detached house.

To insulate your home, attach a few layers to the outside of your house. First attach a layer of insulation. This can vary from expanded polystyrene to rockwool depending on the requirements. The insulation typically is fixed to the wall both chemically and mechanically I.E. glued and bolted to the wall. To protect the insulation from the effects of weathering we seal the outside with a fresh cement coloured render finish.

We are often asked about the payback periods for external wall insulation. This is difficult since the cost of insulation depends upon the size of the building. It is difficult to calculate average payback periods for solid wall insulation precisely, since the cost of insulation depends upon the size of the building, the energy savings resulting from the insulation (and the cost of energy), the level of insulation applied, the presence of other kinds of insulation already in the property and the availability of grants. Plus there have been many rumours about CO2 taxes on private dwellings that would also have a huge impact.

Quoted payback times are averages and in reality they vary from 3-4 years for a simple installation (for example replacing worn render with an insulated render system) up to 20 years for more extensive installations (such as an expensive brick slip system to match masonry buildings).

The absolute costs and payback period are also misleading in that solid wall insulation often provides benefits besides thermal ones and these tend not to be factored in. For example, external wall insulation also weatherproofs the property, enhances sound proofing, provides air tightness, and revitalizes the appearance by covering worn render and masonry. A lot of people are also attracted by never again having to paint their home.

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